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House dust allergy has had a long history (see bibliography) but nobody knewn well D. pteronyssinus and its role before these three fundamental works:
Voorhorst R., Spieksma-Boezeman M.I.A., Spieksma F.Th.M., 1964:
Fain A., 1966:
Voorhorst R., Spieksma F.Th.M., Varekamp H., Leupen M., Lyklema A.W., 1967:
D. pteronyssinus is known now as "house dust mite" or "European house dust mite" and has a worldwide distribution.
The adult female measuring 334 by 215 µm, and the male 285 by 195 µm.
The developmental stages are: egg-prelarva-larva-protonymph-tritonimph-adults. The cycle egg-to-adult require about 24 days in laboratory conditions, 25 °C and 75-80% RH. Every female laids about 100 eggs before to die.
The main constituent of the diet of this species is generally considered to be human skin scales (and yeasts) very abundant in mattresses, pillows, sofas and other upholstered furniture. House dust mite osmoregulate through their cuticle and therefore require a high ambient humidity to prevent excessive water loss.
Seasonal fluctuations in D. pteronyssinus populations are evident: they reaching the peak in late summer and dropping again in late autumn with the use of central heating.It causes allergy and probably has a role in atopic dermatitis. Allergic symptoms caused by mites are non seasonal but perennial.
First studies on house dust and house dust mite
Kern A.,1921:
Cooke R.A., 1922:
Varekamp H., 1925:
Storm van Leeuwen W., 1922:
Dekker H, 1928:
Voorhorst R., Spieksma F.Th.M., 1969:
Voorhorst R., Spieksma F.Th.M., Varekamp H., 1969:
Cunnington A.M., Gregory P.M.,1968:
Passaleva A.,1969:
Platts-Mills, T.A.E.,De Weck A., 1989 :
Blythe M.E., 1976:
Spieksma F. Th.M., Voorhorst R., 1969:
Spieksma F.Th.M., 1976:
Bronswijk J.E.M.H. van, 1973:
Sinha R.N., Bronswijk J.E.M.H. van, Wallace H.A.H., 1970:
Lustgraaf B., 1979:
Bronswijk J.E.M.H. van. 1981:
Thomas W.R., 1993:
Pauli G., Hoyet C., Tenabene A., Thierry R. , Bessot J.C., 1988:
Bronswijk J.E.M.H. van, 1981:
Fain A., Guérin B., Hart B.J.,1990:
Kligman A.M.,1964:
Young. R.P., Hart B. J., Faux J.A., Hopkin J.M., 1990:
D. farinae is known as "American house dust mite" but its distribution is worldwide. The life cycle is similar to D. pteronyssinus. The developmental stages are: egg-prelarva-larva-protonymph-tritonimph-adults. This species can survive in dry conditions because its CEA (critical equilibrium activity) is 65% (70% in D. pteronyssinus) .
Arlian L.G., Veselica M.M., 1981 :
Arlian L.G., Wharton G.W., 1974:
Young. R.P., Hart B. J., Faux J.A., Hopkin J.M., 1990:
D. microceras is very similar to D. farinae. The distinguishing characters are:
The developmental stages are: egg-prelarva-larva-protonymph-tritonimph-adults.
Griffiths D.A., 1971:
Young. R.P., Hart B. J., Faux J.A., Hopkin J.M., 1990:
Warner A., Bostrom S., Munir A.K.M., Moller C., Kjellman N.I.M., 1998:
Lind P., 1986:
D. siboney is characteristic in Caribbean and Cuban houses, with D. pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis.
The developmental stages: egg-prelarva-larva-protonymph-tritonimph-adults.
From an allergological poit of view D. siboney seems to be closely related to D. farinae (and D. microceras).
Dusbabek F., Cuervo N., De la Cruz J., 1982:
Editorial, 1995:
Ferrandiz R., Casas R., Dreborg S., Einarsson I., Bonachea I., Chapman M., 1995:
Ferrandiz R., Casas R., Dreborg S., Einarsson I.,Fernandez B., 1995:
E. maynéi is a cosmopolitan species of the subfamily Pyroglyphinae.Most records are from coastal localities, or areas exposed to maritime climatic influences, or areas with high mean annual humidity (>75%). In house his distribution is restricte to mattress and pillows. Like all other pyroglyphid species it has the following developmental stages: egg-prelarva-larva-protonymph-tritonimph-adults. The males of E. maynéi are able to detect which tritonimphs which will moult into females and will mount them in advance of the final moult so that copulation can take place shortly afterwards. Male and female remain in copula for 24-48 hours. Female start laying eggs (one egg per day) in small groups of 3-4 after a pre- reproductive period of 4-14 days. Development from egg to adult took 30-35 days for male and 50-53 days for female.
It causes allergy.
Cooreman J., 1950:
Fain A., Guerin B., Hart B., 1988:
Mumcuoglu Y., 1976:
Nannelli R., Liguori M., castagnoli M.,1983:
Young. R.P., Hart B. J., Faux J.A., Hopkin J.M., 1990:
Colloff M.J., 1991:
Morgan M.S., Arlian L.G., Barnes K.C., Fernandez-Caldas E., 1997:
This cosmopolitan species is 320-440 micrometers long, and is known as causing the grocer’s itch.The developmental stages are: egg-larva-protonymph-deutonymphs or hypopus- tritonymphs- adults. The life cycle at 23-25°C and 80-90%RH is completed in 22 days. The hypopus is very resistent to drought and may remain encysted from five days to six months or even a few years. It has been found in house dust, flour, wheat, hay, linseed, tobacco, cheese, ham, sugarbeet seed, dried calves stomach, stockfish, bees' and birds' nest, on damp mouldy wallpaper and in the sweepings from barns. G. domesticus is strictly mycophagous and requires high relative humidity (>80%RH)
It cause allergic symptoms and dermatitis in the man.
Cooreman J, 1944:
It has been found in house dust, wheat, barley, grass seed, clover and flax seed, in the dust collected from silos and warehouse.
This species causes allergy.
Ottoboni F., Cantoni A., Lozzia G.C.,1984
Andri L., Senna G.E., Menegazzi M., Andri G.,1985:
the hay or straw mite
This cosmopolitan species can be find in the stack of grain, straw and hay, oats, rye, wheat, barley, linseed, rice, dried fruit, sugar beet seed, on dried calvesstomach, in dead insects, on dried mammals skin, in rodents and bumble bee nests, in house dust taken from damp houses, in broiler houses. L. destructor is strictly mycophagous.
Andri L., Senna G.E., Menegazzi M., Andri G.,1985:
This species causes baker’s itch and cheese mite dermatitis.
the bulb mite
R. robini is a pest of grains, onion, garlic and leek in the field, and of bulbs,corms and tubers in storage. The mites are large (o.5-1.0 mm), whitish and slow-moving, tending to remain on or next to their food. They can easily be seen and collected and reared on peanut paste. Bulb mite mates like other Acaridae: the male placing its posterior end above that of the female, so that the mites point in opposite directions; once united, the pair may move about for some time.
At 27°C R. robini produce an average of 400- 690 eggs per female, on peanuts and on garlic.
This species can be used as a model laboratory animal for biological, ecological, physiological and toxicological studies.
The alarm fheromone of R. robini was identified as citral and neryl formate.
Manson D.C.M., 1972:
Gerson U., Capua S., Thorens D., 1883:
Gerson U., Yathom S., Capua S., Thorens D., 1885:
Gerson U., Cohen E., Capua S.,1991:
Chen J.S., 1990:
Baker G.T., Krantz G.W.,1985:
Baker G.T., Krantz G.W.,1984:
Kuwahara Y., Shibata C., Akimoto K., Kuwahara M., Suzuki T., 1988:
Copra itch and baker's itch
Green W.F., 1978:
Griffiths D.A., 1979:
Robertson P.L., 1959:
van Hage-Hamsten M., Machado L., Barros M.T., Johansson S.G.O.,1990:
Other Blomia spp.:
the dried fruit mite
the scabies mite
Scabies mites are obligate parasites and produce mange in all mammals . They can not survive more than a few days off the host. Sarcoptes scabiei parasitizes a wide range of hosts, but within the species are found varieties which are strongly adapted to their own host species. None of the subspecies or races of S. scabiei are distinguishable morphologically.S. scabiei var hominis is a subcircular mite measuring 300 by 260 µm having tarsal suckers, or ambulacra, with unjointed pedicles on the first and second pairs of legs in the adult stage.
The dorsum bears several stout setae or spines, and a number of minute, well defined, distinguishing triangular scales. There are 5 stages: egg- larva- protonymph- tritonymph- adults.
Female mites form shallow tunnels,1-2 cm long, in the epidermis in which they deposit eggs,40 to 50, beginning at about 5 days of age and continuing at the rate of 2 to4 eggs a day for 4-8 weeks. The eggs are laid in the tunnel as the female mite cuts into the hosts’ skin. As the larvae hatch, in about 5 days, the newly emerged mites may escape to the surface of the skin and 80-90% of them are lost. Those that remain in the burrows form short nymphal chambers where they may remain until mated. Some may invade hair follicles from the surface of the skin, or may begin new tunnels. The immature mites which wander on the surface of the skin are thought to be those that are carried to new hosts. About 4-6 days after the larvae have hatched, the adult males and pubescent females emerge. The pubescent females molt in 1 or 2 days and become adult females ready to be mated. The entire life cycle requires 14-17 days
Sarcoptic mites feed on lymph and cell fluid by attacking the skin with the chelicerae of their mouth-parts.
Lesions caused by Sarcoptes start as small red eruptions and develop into fluid-filled vesicles which coalesce and rupture. The fluid is mixed with skin debris,hair and dirt, hardens and forms thick scabs. Intense itching, the cardinal sign of the disease, is delayed for several days to several weeks the host becomes sensitized to the presence of the mites.
Hosts: domestic and wild pigs, sheep,cattle, horses, goats,camels,dromedaries, llamas, alpacas, vicunas, dogs, swine, coyote, cattles, buffaloes, dingo, koala
Mellanby K,1943:
Baker D.W.,1946:
Lapage G.,1968:
Meleney W.P., 1985:
This species is parasite on domestic carnivores (cat, dog etc.) and causes ear mange. It has been recorded from the ear of man.
It is responsible for the "scaly-leg" (="plasterleg disease") in domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants.These species is parasitic on the skin of birds. It burrows deeply in the corneous layer of the epidermis and may provoke an important hypertrophy in this layer. Tipically the legs become tickened, scaly and withish.
The development comprise the following stages: egg- larva- protonymph-tritonymph- adults. The female is viviparous.
